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Levitin Daniel

A Field Guide to Lies

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From The New York Times bestselling author of THE ORGANIZED MIND and THIS IS YOUR BRAIN ON MUSIC, a primer to the critical thinking that is more necessary now than ever. We are bombarded with more information each day than our brains can process—especially in election season. It's raining bad data, half-truths, and even outright lies. New York Times bestselling author Daniel J. Levitin shows how to recognize misleading announcements, statistics, graphs, and written reports revealing the ways lying weasels can use them. It's becoming harder to separate the wheat from the digital chaff. How do we distinguish misinformation, pseudo-facts, distortions, and outright lies from reliable information? Levitin groups his field guide into two categories—statistical infomation and faulty arguments—ultimately showing how science is the bedrock of critical thinking. Infoliteracy means understanding that there are hierarchies of…
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  • Historiaje citiraoпрошле године
    rovided by the homeowner. But that can’t be true—it would imply that more than 90 percent of home robberies are solved, because some are certainly solved without home video. What the company more likely means is that 90 percent of solved robberies are from video provided by the homeowner.
    Isn’t that the same thing?
    No, because the sample pool is different. In the first case, we’re looking at all home robberies committed. In the second case we’re looking only at the ones that were solved, a much smaller number. Here it is visually:
    All home robberies in a neighborhood:

    Solved home robberies in a neighborhood (using the 30 percent figure obtained earlier):

    So does that mean that if I have a video camera there is a 90 percent chance that the police will be able to solve a burglary at my house?
    No!
    All you know is that if a robbery is solved, there is a 90 percent chance that the police were aided by a home video. If you’re thinking that we have enough information to answer the question you’re really interested in (what is the chance that the police will be able to solve a burglary at my house if I buy a home-security system versus if I don’t), you’re wrong—we need to set up a fourfold table like the ones in Part One, but if you start, you’ll see that we have information on only one of the rows. We know which percentage of solved crimes had h

    It’s important to pay attention to the wording of the statistic along with the statistic itself. Statistics could be a lie or it could be a misconduct statistic and the person who is giving you that statistic maybe wording it in a wrong manner so it’s wrong. Statistics could be used to manipulate in so many ways that it’s actually hard to believe them

  • Historiaje citiraoпрошле године
    he evening is safer (in part because people on the road between two and four a.m. are more likely to be drunk or sleep-deprived).
    After the Paris attacks of November 13, 2015, CNN reported that at least one of the attackers had entered the European Union as a refugee, against a backdrop of growing anti-refugee sentiment in Europe. Anti-refugee activists had been calling for stricter border control. This is a social and political issue and it is not my intention to take a stand on it, but the numbers can inform the decision making. Closing the borders completely to migrants and refugees might have thwarted the attacks, which took roughly 130 lives. Denying entry to a million migrants coming from war-torn regions such as Syria and Afghanistan would, with great certainty, have cost thousands of them their lives, far more than the 130 who died in the attacks. There are other risks to both courses of action, and other considerations. But to someone who isn’t thinking through the logic of the numbers, a headline like “One of the attackers was a refugee” inflames the emotions around anti-immigrant sentiment, without acknowledging the many lives that immigration policies saved. The lie that terrorists want you to believe is that you are in immediate and great peril.
    Misframing is often used by salespeople to persuade you to buy their products. Suppose you get an email from a home-security company with this p

    When looking at political problems that include statistics and numbers you should always analyze using numbers instead of your emotional preferences. Yes something occurred in this many people died and the reason this many people died is because of this policy. Well you might be angry at the policy you have to take an account how many lives the policy saved I’m not saying it’s Not wrong that the people died by the policy but I’m also saying that because the Baltimore lives were saved

  • Historiaje citiraoпрошле године
    he probability is fallacious. Let’s take a step back. What if you hadn’t run into Justin just as you were standing in front of the Mona Lisa, but as you were in front of the Venus de Milo, in les toilettes, or even as you were walking in the entrance? What if you had run into Justin at your hotel, at a café, or the Eiffel Tower? You would have been just as surprised. For that matter, forget about Justin—if you had run into anyone you knew during that vacation, anywhere in Paris, you’d be just as surprised. And why limit it to your vacation in Paris? It could be on a business trip to Madrid, while changing planes in Cleveland, or at a spa in Tucson. Let’s frame the probability this way: Sometime in your adult life, you’ll run into someone you know where you wouldn’t expect to run into them. Clearly the odds of that happening are quite good. But the brain doesn’t automatically think this way—cognitive science has shown us just how necessary it is for us to train ourselves to avoid squishy thinking.
    Framing Risk
    A related problem in framing probabilities is the failure to frame risks logically. Even counting the airplane fatalities of the 9/11 attacks in the United States, air travel remained (and continues to remain) the safest transportation mode, followed closely by rail transportation. The chances of dying on a commercial flight or train trip are next to zero. Yet, right after 9/11, many U.S. travelers avoided airplanes and took to the highways instead. Automobile deaths increased dramatically. People followed their emotional intuition rather than a logical response, oblivious to the increased risk. The rate of vehicular accidents did not increase beyon

    When looking at statistics and probability do you have to look at it as a whole. Are the chances of something happening one in 1 million yes but will it happen in one’s lifetime probably

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